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Global Warming - Definition, Facts, Causes and Effects of Global Warming | NRDC
Environmental scientists from multiple disciplines have overwhelmingly acknowledged human-driven climate change as fact. Similarly indisputable is the fact that the effects of rising temperatures will be global in scope and resoundingly negative: droughts, coastal city flooding, decreased food production, and extreme weather, to name just a few. What you may not have considered, however, are some of the subtler psychological and social consequences of rapid climate change — including aggression and violent conflict.
A growing body of evidence shows that rapid global warming can and is increasing violent behavior in three different ways. When people get uncomfortably hot, their tempers, irritability, and likelihood of physical aggression and violence increase.
This is perhaps best demonstrated in a series of laboratory studies conducted by APS Fellow Craig A. Across several studies, undergraduate participants completed measures of perceived hostility, anger, or behavioral aggression, but about global warming essay randomly assigned to do so in one of several temperature-controlled rooms. For some, the room they sat in was a comfortable temperature e. For others, the room was particularly cold e. In one study, participants in the cold and about global warming essay rooms perceived a series of filmed interactions as being more hostile and aggressive than participants in the comfortable room.
In another, participants in the cold and hot rooms scored higher than those in the comfortable room on a state hostility scale. The researchers conclude, based on the collection of studies, that uncomfortably hot temperatures increase aggression. Although laboratory forms of aggression may seem trivial, other studies illustrate the deadly implications of these findings. Researchers Aldert Vrij, about global warming essay, Jaap van der Steen, and Leendert Koppelaar randomly assigned 38 Dutch police officers about global warming essay complete a firearms training simulator in either a comfortable-temperature room 70 o F or a warmer-temperature room 81 o F.
In the simulation, officers responded to a scenario being displayed life-size on a projector screen in front of them. The scenario involved approaching a shed in response to a burglary alarm and being confronted with a suspect brandishing a crowbar.
Findings such as these illustrate the contributing role that temperature plays in escalating minor disputes into full-blown assault or homicides. Numerous cross-sectional and time-series studies using real-world heat and violence data provide converging evidence. Cities and regions with higher temperatures tend to experience more violent crime than cooler regions, even after controlling for a dozen sociocultural factors such as age, race, poverty, and culture of honor.
Further ruling out alternative explanations, some studies have assessed temperature and violence within the about global warming essay geographic region over time.
Across hours, days, months, and even years, similar trends emerge: When it is hotter, violence increases. From Chicago to Brisbane to Vancouver to Dallas, whether looking at domestic violence or physical assault, the same relationship emerges. In one of the most thorough and illustrative studies, Anderson and DeLisi about global warming essay data from the — FBI Uniform Crime Reports for violent crime rates of homicide and assault perpeople and nonviolent crime rates of burglary and motor vehicle theft perpeople with average annual temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the same years.
Average annual temperatures were significantly positively about global warming essay with violent crime rates but not with nonviolent crime rates. More importantly, this relationship persisted even after controlling for numerous alternative explanations e. In addition to the direct heat effect, there are least two indirect ways that rapid climate change whether rapid heating or rapid cooling increases the risk of violence.
One involves known developmental pathways that lead infants, children, and adolescents to become violence-prone adults. A major outcome of rapid climate change is food insecurity. Increased drought, extreme weather, and wildfires are all on the rise, and all of them represent threats to vital crop production and large-scale food shortages, about global warming essay.
And although the starvation associated with food scarcity about global warming essay a problem in and of itself, it has the added detriment of contributing to individual-level aggression, about global warming essay. Studies have shown that malnourishment — both prenatal and in early children — is a precursor to adulthood antisocial behavior, aggression, and violence.
Illustrating this, in a longitudinal study of Mauritanian children conducted by Jianghong Liu and her colleagues3-year-olds who were malnourished were found, more than a decade later, to be more aggressive and antisocial and more likely to show signs of conduct disorder than were sufficiently fed children. Given that hundreds of millions of people are estimated to be affected by climate-driven food insecurity, the magnitude of malnutrition effects on aggressive behavior should not be underestimated.
Increasingly frequent and extreme weather destroys homes and jobs and requires considerable emergency and recovery spending. The economic impact is disproportionately felt by disadvantaged and vulnerable populations, resulting in increased rates of poverty and income disparity.
As with malnourishment, about global warming essay, this is a problem by itself, but it also can lead to increased aggression: Income disparity can lead to life dissatisfaction, resentment, dissent, a desire for retribution, and even violence.
In one example, political scientists Christopher K. Butler and Scott Gates studied the impact of adverse weather on East African cattle herders. They developed a model, grounded in game theory, of conflict in the region that takes into account available resources, their distribution, property rights, and the role of the state, about global warming essay.
The authors conclude that droughts and climate-driven resource shortages lead to income disparity increased among the herders, which, in turn, foments resentment and conflict that manifests itself as the banditry and retaliatory aggression often seen in the region. These factors are thought to have played a role in regional conflicts such as those in Sierra Leone, Palestine, about global warming essay, and Managua. And, given that droughts and other climate-driven natural disasters already are increasing in intensity and frequency as was predicted years ago by climate-change modelsit seems likely that conflict and violence will about global warming essay to worsen as resources become scarcer about global warming essay wealth disparity increases.
That rapid climate change will and already is negatively affecting the livelihoods and aggressive tendencies of individuals is obvious, but it is informative to consider how entire populations respond to these effects.
Among the most prominent group-level effects anticipated is ecomigrationabout global warming essay, where entire groups migrate in response to the physical, economic, or political instability brought about global warming essay by an ecological disaster. Indeed, there are numerous historical examples of climate disasters leading to ecomigration, war, and even dynastic collapse. As a recent example, consider the possible role of droughts on ecomigration and conflict in the Syrian civil war.
A comparable drought in Uganda similarly led to an escalation in food prices, violent internal strife, and mass migration of more than a million people, who clashed with armed cattle herders from Sudan who were fleeing from the same drought. About global warming essay, Sudan, and Ethiopia also have seen similar climate-driven conflicts, leading researchers to predict, based on models that include decades of data and dozens of countries, that civil wars, protests, coups, rebellions, riots, and large-scale conflicts are all likely to rise as temperatures increase and as changes in rainfall become increasingly extreme.
Ecomigration-driven conflict should not be seen solely as an African or Middle Eastern issue, nor is it one exclusively limited to droughts. A confluence of socioeconomic factors and environmental disasters in the past 6 decades has led to the cumulative migration of more than 10 million Bangladeshis into India.
This influx of migrants was a source of continuous tension in the region, as many Indians believed the migrants were stealing farmland. Ultimately, the tension led to a rampage in that left 1, Bengali migrants dead.
And more recently, Hurricane Katrina displaced hundreds of thousands of Americans, many of whom fled to neighboring states seeking refuge. Homicide rates in cities where refugees were taken in rose in the following months, and polls suggested that tensions were mounting between refugees and residents.
Federal aid and other moderating factors prevented these tensions from escalating into armed conflicts, but the incident stands as an example of the role climate change plays in violent behavior. Indeed, there is a growing research literature examining about global warming essay relationship between weather-related and therefore climate-change related disasters and outbreaks of violence. It is easy to overlook the relevance of psychological science to climate change. Therefore, it is unsurprising that many people also overlook the important role that psychological scientists can play in reducing climate change and its effects.
One obvious way is to apply what we know about attitude change, decision-making, and behavior change to help educate the general population e. For example, psychological studies show that fostering a long-term perspective in people makes them more likely to consider their legacy and engage in more proenvironmental behavior.
Other psychologists have found that when you frame climate change in global terms, rather than in terms of specific, localized disasters, people become more peaceful and reconciliatory — something that could prove very useful as a means of counteracting the effects of climate change on aggression.
Clearly, there is a need, and indeed there are many ways, about global warming essay, for psychologists to weigh in on the issue of climate change and its relation to violent behavior. In the future, psychological scientists also may find themselves conducting more interdisciplinary research — working hand-in-hand with climatologists, political scientists, and economists.
Some of the best psychological studies on the relationship between temperature and aggression have proven just how fruitful it can be to integrate climatological data into analyses of behavioral data. Incorporating techniques and data from other fields may help to build more accurate models of climate-change effects that include subtler, less-frequently considered outcome variables. An interdisciplinary approach also may prove vital in bridging the gap between what scientists know, what the general public believes, and what government policies exist.
Anderson, C. Temperature and aggression: Ubiquitous effects of heat on the occurrence of human violence. Psychological Bulletin,74— Heat and violence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10about global warming essay, 33— Ambient temperature and violent crime: Tests of the linear and curvilinear hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46about global warming essay, 91— Violent crime rate studies in philosophical context: A destructive testing approach to heat and southern culture of violence effects.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, about global warming essay, 70— Temperature and aggression: Paradox, controversy, and a fairly clear picture. Donnerstein Eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Temperature and aggression. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, about global warming essay, 3263— Hot years and serious and deadly assault: Empirical tests of the heat hypothesis.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73— Implications of global climate change for violence in developed and developing countries. Forges, A. Williams Eds. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Archibald, S. Converts to human rights? Popular debate about war and justice in rural Sierra Leone. Africa, 72— Auliciems, A. Domestic violence in a subtropical environment: Police calls and weather in Brisbane.
International Journal of Biometeorology, 39, 34— Burke, M. Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA,— Bushman, B. Is the curve relating temperature to aggression linear or curvilinear? A response to Bell and to Cohn and Rotton
Climate change in Pakistan - pakistan and climate change - global warming in pakistan
, time: 19:19Global Warming Skeptic Organizations | Union of Concerned Scientists
An Essay on Global Warming to Create a Good College Paper. Causes and Effects of Melting Ice Glaciers on Humans and the Environment. Top 15 Unbelievable Reasons That Prove Global Warming Might be a Hoax. Al Gore and His Strong Views on Global Warming. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Sources & Effects Jan 31, · A growing body of evidence shows that rapid global warming can (and is) increasing violent behavior in three different ways. Immediate Effect of Heat Stress on Aggression and Violence. When people get uncomfortably hot, their tempers, irritability, and likelihood of physical aggression and violence increase. This is perhaps best demonstrated in IELTS Global Warming Essay - Model Answer. Probably the most worrying threat to our planet at the present time is global warming. This essay will examine the reasons why global warming is occurring and discuss some possible solutions. The predominant factors resulting in the warming of the earth are the emissions of CO2 and deforestation
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